The lung cancer is responsible for the huge number of deaths in France. It is mostly linked to the tobacco addiction and it is the most dangerous for men and the second one for women, with respectively 21000 and 9500 deaths. However, the Eurostat highlights a fall of death rate for men and an increase for women in Europe. Within the framework of the third Project about cancer 2014-2019, the French National High Authority for Health has the goal of detecting the cancer in smokers at an early stage, to make the treatment more effective. But the present situation shows that: the disease is hardly detected at an early stage because of its rapid evolution; the available exam is not suitable; treatment possibilities are extremely tight, also at an early stage; people who could take advantage of this exam are hardly identifiable; the mortality reduction is not assured in the French context; there are too many risks and few reliable benefits. The French National High Authority for Health concludes by saying that it is necessary to carry on the researches on the treatment, the disease characteristics and the detecting technics. It is also important to intensify the battle against the tobacco addiction with measures that increase awareness in young people and smokers to stop smoking.